Contents 7 6.5.3 Monitoring of Locking Mechanism ........................................................................165 6.5.4 Mechanical Key Lock............................................................................................167 6.6 Circuitry of Point Operation and Control in Relay Technology.........................167 6.6.1 General Overview..................................................................................................167 6.6.2 Example with Type N Relays: Russian Five-Wire Point Circuitry .............................168 6.6.3 Example with Type C Relays: GS II DR (Germany) .................................................171 7 Signals ...............................................................................................................179 7.1 Requirements and Basic Classification.............................................................179 7.2 Technical Characteristics of Trackside Signals.................................................181 7.2.1 Structure of Light Signals ......................................................................................181 7.2.2 Optical Parameters ...............................................................................................184 7.2.3 Retro-Reflection of Passive Signal Boards.............................................................184 7.2.4 Control and Supervision of Signal Lamps..............................................................185 7.3 Principles of Signalling by Light Signals ...........................................................187 7.3.1 Utilisation of Signal Colours...................................................................................187 7.3.2 Stop Aspects........................................................................................................188 7.3.3 Signalling of Movement Authorities........................................................................188 7.3.4 Signalling of Speed Reductions.............................................................................192 7.3.5 Combination of Main and Distant Signals..............................................................195 7.3.6 Shunting Signals ...................................................................................................196 7.4 Redundancy and Degraded Mode Operation ...................................................197 7.5 Signal System Examples....................................................................................198 7.5.1 German Mechanical and ‘H/V’ Light Signals .........................................................198 7.5.2 Belgian Mechanical Signals...................................................................................199 7.5.3 British Light Signals...............................................................................................200 7.5.4 OSŽD Signals .......................................................................................................201 7.5.5 Modern Dutch Signal System................................................................................202 7.5.6 German System ‘Ks’.............................................................................................204 7.5.7 Signal System on Japanese Commuter Lines .......................................................205 7.5.8 NORAC Signals ....................................................................................................205
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