Contents 4 3 Railway Operation Processes.........................................................................39 3.1 Historical Background..........................................................................................39 3.2 Classification of Tracks, Stations and Signals ....................................................42 3.2.1 Main Tracks and Secondary Tracks.........................................................................42 3.2.2 The Role of Signals .................................................................................................43 3.2.3 Definitions of Stations and Interlocking Areas ..........................................................44 3.2.4 Signal Arrangement on Double Track Lines .............................................................47 3.3 Movements with Railway Vehicles.......................................................................48 3.3.1 Train Movements ....................................................................................................48 3.3.2 Shunting Movements ..............................................................................................49 3.4 Principles of Train Separation ..............................................................................51 3.4.1 Signalled Fixed Block Operation..............................................................................52 3.4.2 Cab Signal Operation..............................................................................................55 3.4.3 Non Signal-controlled Operation .............................................................................58 3.5 Dispatching Principles..........................................................................................58 3.5.1 Decentralised Operation .........................................................................................58 3.5.2 Centralised Traffic Control .......................................................................................60 4 Interlocking Principles......................................................................................61 4.1 Overview ...............................................................................................................61 4.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................61 4.1.2 Basic Requirements................................................................................................61 4.1.3 Basic Principles of Safeguarding a Train’s Path .......................................................62 4.2 Element Dependences .........................................................................................63 4.2.1 Classification...........................................................................................................63 4.2.2 Coupled Elements ..................................................................................................63 4.2.3 Unidirectional Locking.............................................................................................64 4.2.4 Simple Bidirectional Locking ...................................................................................65 4.2.5 Conditional Bidirectional Locking ............................................................................65 4.3 Routes ...................................................................................................................66 4.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................66 4.3.2 Extension of Routes and Related Speed Restrictions..............................................67
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