Contents 11 12 Safety and Control of Marshalling Yards....................................................351 12.1 Principles of Marshalling of Trains.....................................................................351 12.2 Parts of Marshalling Yards and their Function ..................................................351 12.2.1 General Structure and Functioning........................................................................351 12.2.2 Layout Variants .....................................................................................................352 12.2.3 Automation ...........................................................................................................354 12.3 Control of Marshalling Yards..............................................................................355 12.3.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................355 12.3.2 Retarders..............................................................................................................356 12.3.3 Handling Systems for Freight Wagons...................................................................360 12.3.4 Points ...................................................................................................................361 12.3.5 Sensors ................................................................................................................362 12.3.6 Track Clear Detection............................................................................................363 12.3.7 Yard Management Systems ..................................................................................363 13 Level Crossings ...............................................................................................369 13.1 Requirements and Basic Classification.............................................................369 13.2 Static Roadside Signs ........................................................................................370 13.3 Passive Level Crossings.....................................................................................371 13.4 Active Level Crossings .......................................................................................375 13.4.1 Overview...............................................................................................................375 13.4.2 Dynamic Roadside Safeguarding ..........................................................................376 13.4.3 Opening and Closing of Level Crossings ...............................................................380 13.4.4 Supervision of Level Crossings..............................................................................384 13.4.5 Possibilities of Degraded Mode Operation.............................................................389 13.4.6 Combination with Road Junctions.........................................................................390 13.5 Removal of Level Crossings...............................................................................391 14 Hazard Alert Systems .....................................................................................393 14.1 Hazards in Railway Systems ..............................................................................394 14.1.1 Safety Related Hazards.........................................................................................394 14.1.2 Security Related Hazards......................................................................................395
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